As you saw in the previous section, normal methods went a long way towards wrapping a dictionary in a class. But normal methods alone are not enough, because there are lots of things you can do with dictionaries besides call methods on them. For starters, you can get and set items with a syntax that doesn't include explicitly invoking methods. This is where special class methods come in: they provide a way to map non-method-calling syntax into method calls.

Пример 3.13. The __getitem__ special method

    def __getitem__(self, key): return self.data[key]

>>> f = fileinfo.FileInfo("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3")
>>> f
{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3'}
>>> f.__getitem__("name") 
'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3'
>>> f["name"]             
'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3'

	The __getitem__ special method looks simple enough. Like the normal methods clear, keys, and values, it just redirects to the dictionary to return its value. But how does it get called? Well, you can call __getitem__ directly, but in practice you wouldn't actually do that; I'm just doing it here to show you how it works. The right way to use __getitem__ is to get Python to call it for you.
	This looks just like the syntax you would use to get a dictionary value, and in fact it returns the value you would expect. But here's the missing link: under the covers, Python has converted this syntax to the method call f.__getitem__("name"). That's why __getitem__ is a special class method; not only can you call it yourself, you can get Python to call it for you by using the right syntax.

Пример 3.14. The __setitem__ special method

    def __setitem__(self, key, item): self.data[key] = item

>>> f
{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3'}
>>> f.__setitem__("genre", 31) 
>>> f
{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3', 'genre':31}
>>> f["genre"] = 32            
>>> f
{'name':'/music/_singles/kairo.mp3', 'genre':32}

	Like the __getitem__ method, __setitem__ simply redirects to the real dictionary self.data to do its work. And like __getitem__, you wouldn't ordinarily call it directly like this; Python calls __setitem__ for you when you use the right syntax.
	This looks like regular dictionary syntax, except of course that f is really a class that's trying very hard to masquerade as a dictionary, and __setitem__ is an essential part of that masquerade. This line of code actually calls f.__setitem__("genre", 32) under the covers.

__setitem__ is a special class method because it gets called for you, but it's still a class method. Just as easily as the __setitem__ method was defined in UserDict, we can redefine it in our descendant class to override the ancestor method. This allows us to define classes that act like dictionaries in some ways but define their own behavior above and beyond the built-in dictionary.

This concept is the basis of the entire framework we're studying in this chapter. Each file type can have a handler class which knows how to get metadata from a particular type of file. Once some attributes (like the file's name and location) are known, the handler class knows how to derive other attributes automatically. This is done by overriding the __setitem__ method, checking for particular keys, and adding additional processing when they are found.

For example, MP3FileInfo is a descendant of FileInfo. When an MP3FileInfo's name is set, it doesn't just set the name key (like the ancestor FileInfo does); it also looks in the file itself for MP3 tags and populates a whole set of keys.

Пример 3.15. Overriding __setitem__ in MP3FileInfo

    def __setitem__(self, key, item):         
        if key == "name" and item:            
            self.__parse(item)                
        FileInfo.__setitem__(self, key, item) 

	Note that our __setitem__ method is defined exactly the same way as the ancestor method. This is important, since Python will be calling the method for us, and it expects it to be defined with a certain number of arguments. (Technically speaking, the names of the arguments don't matter, just the number.)
	Here's the crux of the entire MP3FileInfo class: if we're assigning a value to the name key, we want to do something extra.
	The extra processing we do for names is encapsulated in the __parse method. This is another class method defined in MP3FileInfo, and when we call it, we qualify it with self. Just calling __parse would look for a normal function defined outside the class, which is not what we want; calling self.__parse will look for a class method defined within the class. This isn't anything new; you reference data attributes the same way.
	After doing our extra processing, we want to call the ancestor method. Remember, this is never done for you in Python; you have to do it manually. Note that we're calling the immediate ancestor, FileInfo, even though it doesn't have a __setitem__ method. That's okay, because Python will walk up the ancestor tree until it finds a class with the method we're calling, so this line of code will eventually find and call the __setitem__ defined in UserDict.

	When accessing data attributes within a class, you need to qualify the attribute name: self.attribute. When calling other methods within a class, you need to qualify the method name: self.method.

Пример 3.16. Setting an MP3FileInfo's name

>>> import fileinfo
>>> mp3file = fileinfo.MP3FileInfo()                   
>>> mp3file
{'name':None}
>>> mp3file["name"] = "/music/_singles/kairo.mp3"      
>>> mp3file
{'album': 'Rave Mix', 'artist': '***DJ MARY-JANE***', 'genre': 31,
'title': 'KAIRO****THE BEST GOA', 'name': '/music/_singles/kairo.mp3',
'year': '2000', 'comment': 'http://mp3.com/DJMARYJANE'}
>>> mp3file["name"] = "/music/_singles/sidewinder.mp3" 
>>> mp3file
{'album': '', 'artist': 'The Cynic Project', 'genre': 18, 'title': 'Sidewinder', 
'name': '/music/_singles/sidewinder.mp3', 'year': '2000', 
'comment': 'http://mp3.com/cynicproject'}

	First, we create an instance of MP3FileInfo, without passing it a filename. (We can get away with this because the filename argument of the __init__ method is optional.) Since MP3FileInfo has no __init__ method of its own, Python walks up the ancestor tree and finds the __init__ method of FileInfo. This __init__ method manually calls the __init__ method of UserDict and then sets the name key to filename, which is None, since we didn't pass a filename. Thus, mp3file initially looks like a dictionary with one key, name, whose value is None.
	Now the real fun begins. Setting the name key of mp3file triggers the __setitem__ method on MP3FileInfo (not UserDict), which notices that we're setting the name key with a real value and calls self.__parse. Although we haven't traced through the __parse method yet, you can see from the output that it sets several other keys: album, artist, genre, title, year, and comment.
	Modifying the name key will go through the same process again: Python calls __setitem__, which calls self.__parse, which sets all the other keys.