The specified disk partitions and/or file systems are checked.
In "preen" mode the clean flag of each file system's superblock is examined
and only those file systems that
are not marked clean are checked.
File systems are marked clean when they are unmounted,
when they have been mounted read-only, or when
runs on them successfully.
If the
-f
option is specified, the file systems
will be checked regardless of the state of their clean flag.
The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous file system
inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
These are limited to the following:
Unreferenced inodes
Link counts in inodes too large
Missing blocks in the free map
Blocks in the free map also in files
Counts in the super-block wrong
These are the only inconsistencies that
with the
-p
option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
and the nature of the correction.
After successfully correcting a file system,
will print the number of files on that file system,
the number of used and free blocks,
and the percentage of fragmentation.
If sent a
QUIT
signal,
will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal
return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
This is useful when you want to finish the file system checks during an
automatic reboot,
but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
If
receives a
SIGINFO
(see the
``status''
argument for
stty(1))
signal, a line will be written to the standard output indicating
the name of the device currently being checked, the current phase
number and phase-specific progress information.
Without the
-p
option,
audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems.
If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
before each correction is attempted.
It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
correctable under the
-p
option will result in some loss of data.
The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
output.
The default action for each consistency correction
is to wait for the operator to respond
yes
or
no
If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
will default to a
-n
action.
The following flags are interpreted by
:
-F
Determine whether the file system needs to be cleaned immediately
in foreground, or if its cleaning can be deferred to background.
To be eligible for background cleaning it must have been running
with soft updates, not have been marked as needing a foreground check,
and be mounted and writable when the background check is to be done.
If these conditions are met, then
exits with a zero exit status.
Otherwise it exits with a non-zero exit status.
If the file system is clean,
it will exit with a non-zero exit status so that the clean status
of the file system can be verified and reported during the foreground
checks.
Note that when invoked with the
-F
flag, no cleanups are done.
The only thing that
does is to determine whether a foreground or background
check is needed and exit with an appropriate status code.
-B
A check is done on the specified and possibly active file system.
The set of corrections that can be done is limited to those done
when running in preen mode (see the
-p
flag).
If unexpected errors are found,
the file system is marked as needing a foreground check and
exits without attempting any further cleaning.
-b
Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
the super block for the file system.
An alternate super block is usually located at block 32 for UFS1,
and block 160 for UFS2.
-c
Convert the file system to the specified level.
Note that the level of a file system can only be raised.
There are currently four levels defined:
0
The file system is in the old (static table) format.
1
The file system is in the new (dynamic table) format.
2
The file system supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
short symbolic links are stored in the inode,
and directories have an added field showing the file type.
3
If maxcontig is greater than one,
build the free segment maps to aid in finding contiguous sets of blocks.
If maxcontig is equal to one, delete any existing segment maps.
In interactive mode,
will list the conversion to be made
and ask whether the conversion should be done.
If a negative answer is given,
no further operations are done on the file system.
In preen mode,
the conversion is listed and done if
possible without user interaction.
Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
are being converted at once.
The format of a file system can be determined from the
first line of output from
dumpfs(8).
-f
Force
to check
`clean'
file systems when preening.
-m
Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
permission bits to use when creating the
lost+found
directory rather than the default 1777.
In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
set of permissions such as 700.
-n
Assume a no response to all questions asked by
except for
`CONTINUE?'
,
which is assumed to be affirmative;
do not open the file system for writing.
-p
Preen file systems (see above).
-y
Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
;
this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
Incorrect link counts.
Size checks:
Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
Partially truncated file.
Bad inode format.
Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
Directory checks:
File pointing to unallocated inode.
Inode number out of range.
Directories with unallocated blocks (holes).
Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
or having the wrong inode number.
Super Block checks:
More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
Bad free block map format.
Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
placing them in the
lost+found
directory.
The name assigned is the inode number.
If the
lost+found
directory does not exist, it is created.
If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
FILES
/etc/fstab
contains default list of file systems to check.
EXIT STATUS
Ex -std
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by
are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
