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perlapi (1)
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    NAME

         perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public
         API
    
    
    

    DESCRIPTION

         This file contains the documentation of the perl public API
         generated by embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions,
         macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension
         writers.  The interfaces of any functions that are not
         listed here are subject to change without notice.  For this
         reason, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be
         avoided when writing extensions.
    
         Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced
         with the `PL_' prefix.  Some macros are provided for
         compatibility with the older, unadorned names, but this
         support may be disabled in a future release.
    
         The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
    
         AvFILL  Same as `av_len()'.  Deprecated, use `av_len()'
                 instead.
    
                         int     AvFILL(AV* av)
    
    
         av_clear
                 Clears an array, making it empty.  Does not free the
                 memory used by the array itself.
    
                         void    av_clear(AV* ar)
    
    
         av_extend
                 Pre-extend an array.  The `key' is the index to
                 which the array should be extended.
    
                         void    av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
    
    
         av_fetch
                 Returns the SV at the specified index in the array.
                 The `key' is the index.  If `lval' is set then the
                 fetch will be part of a store.  Check that the
                 return value is non-null before dereferencing it to
                 a `SV*'.
    
                 See the Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
                 Arrays entry in the perlguts manpage for more
                 information on how to use this function on tied
                 arrays.
    
                         SV**    av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
    
    
         av_len  Returns the highest index in the array.  Returns -1
                 if the array is empty.
    
                         I32     av_len(AV* ar)
    
    
         av_make Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of
                 SVs.  The SVs are copied into the array, so they may
                 be freed after the call to av_make.  The new AV will
                 have a reference count of 1.
    
                         AV*     av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
    
    
         av_pop  Pops an SV off the end of the array.  Returns
                 `&PL_sv_undef' if the array is empty.
    
                         SV*     av_pop(AV* ar)
    
    
         av_push Pushes an SV onto the end of the array.  The array
                 will grow automatically to accommodate the addition.
    
                         void    av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
    
    
         av_shift
                 Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
    
                         SV*     av_shift(AV* ar)
    
    
         av_store
                 Stores an SV in an array.  The array index is
                 specified as `key'.  The return value will be NULL
                 if the operation failed or if the value did not need
                 to be actually stored within the array (as in the
                 case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be
                 dereferenced to get the original `SV*'.  Note that
                 the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing
                 the reference count of `val' before the call, and
                 decrementing it if the function returned NULL.
    
                 See the Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
                 Arrays entry in the perlguts manpage for more
                 information on how to use this function on tied
                 arrays.
    
                         SV**    av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
    
         av_undef
                 Undefines the array.  Frees the memory used by the
                 array itself.
    
                         void    av_undef(AV* ar)
    
    
         av_unshift
                 Unshift the given number of `undef' values onto the
                 beginning of the array.  The array will grow
                 automatically to accommodate the addition.  You must
                 then use `av_store' to assign values to these new
                 elements.
    
                         void    av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
    
    
         call_argv
                 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub.  See
                 the perlcall manpage.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         I32     call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
    
    
         call_method
                 Performs a callback to the specified Perl method.
                 The blessed object must be on the stack.  See the
                 perlcall manpage.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         I32     call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
    
    
         call_pv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub.  See
                 the perlcall manpage.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         I32     call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
    
    
         call_sv Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in
                 the SV.  See the perlcall manpage.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         I32     call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
    
    
         CLASS   Variable which is setup by `xsubpp' to indicate the
                 class name for a C++ XS constructor.  This is always
                 a `char*'.  See `THIS'.
    
                         char*   CLASS
    
    
         Copy    The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `memcpy'
                 function.  The `src' is the source, `dest' is the
                 destination, `nitems' is the number of items, and
                 `type' is the type.  May fail on overlapping copies.
                 See also `Move'.
    
                         void    Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
    
    
         croak   This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's `die'
                 function.  Use this function the same way you use
                 the C `printf' function.  See `warn'.
    
                         void    croak(const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         CvSTASH Returns the stash of the CV.
    
                         HV*     CvSTASH(CV* cv)
    
    
         dMARK   Declare a stack marker variable, `mark', for the
                 XSUB.  See `MARK' and `dORIGMARK'.
    
                                 dMARK;
    
    
         dORIGMARK
                 Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB.  See
                 `ORIGMARK'.
    
                                 dORIGMARK;
    
    
         dSP     Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for
                 the XSUB, available via the `SP' macro.  See `SP'.
    
                                 dSP;
    
    
         dXSARGS Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling
                 dSP and dMARK.  This is usually handled
                 automatically by `xsubpp'.  Declares the `items'
                 variable to indicate the number of items on the
                 stack.
                                 dXSARGS;
    
    
         dXSI32  Sets up the `ix' variable for an XSUB which has
                 aliases.  This is usually handled automatically by
                 `xsubpp'.
    
                                 dXSI32;
    
    
         ENTER   Opening bracket on a callback.  See `LEAVE' and the
                 perlcall manpage.
    
                                 ENTER;
    
    
         eval_pv Tells Perl to `eval' the given string and return an
                 SV* result.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         SV*     eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
    
    
         eval_sv Tells Perl to `eval' the string in the SV.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         I32     eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
    
    
         EXTEND  Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's
                 return values. Once used, guarrantees that there is
                 room for at least `nitems' to be pushed onto the
                 stack.
    
                         void    EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
    
    
         fbm_compile
                 Analyses the string in order to make fast searches
                 on it using fbm_instr() -- the Boyer-Moore
                 algorithm.
    
                         void    fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
    
    
         fbm_instr
                 Returns the location of the SV in the string
                 delimited by `str' and `strend'.  It returns
                 `Nullch' if the string can't be found.  The `sv'
                 does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search
                 will not be as fast then.
    
                         char*   fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
    
    
         FREETMPS
                 Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback.  See
                 `SAVETMPS' and the perlcall manpage.
    
                                 FREETMPS;
    
    
         get_av  Returns the AV of the specified Perl array.  If
                 `create' is set and the Perl variable does not exist
                 then it will be created.  If `create' is not set and
                 the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         AV*     get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
    
    
         get_cv  Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine.  If
                 `create' is set and the Perl subroutine does not
                 exist then it will be declared (which has the same
                 effect as saying `sub name;').  If `create' is not
                 set and the subroutine does not exist then NULL is
                 returned.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         CV*     get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)
    
    
         get_hv  Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash.  If
                 `create' is set and the Perl variable does not exist
                 then it will be created.  If `create' is not set and
                 the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         HV*     get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
    
    
         get_sv  Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar.  If
                 `create' is set and the Perl variable does not exist
                 then it will be created.  If `create' is not set and
                 the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         SV*     get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
    
         GIMME   A backward-compatible version of `GIMME_V' which can
                 only return `G_SCALAR' or `G_ARRAY'; in a void
                 context, it returns `G_SCALAR'.  Deprecated.  Use
                 `GIMME_V' instead.
    
                         U32     GIMME
    
    
         GIMME_V The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's `wantarray'.
                 Returns `G_VOID', `G_SCALAR' or `G_ARRAY' for void,
                 scalar or array context, respectively.
    
                         U32     GIMME_V
    
    
         GvSV    Return the SV from the GV.
    
                         SV*     GvSV(GV* gv)
    
    
         gv_fetchmeth
                 Returns the glob with the given `name' and a defined
                 subroutine or `NULL'.  The glob lives in the given
                 `stash', or in the stashes accessible via @ISA and
                 @UNIVERSAL.
    
                 The argument `level' should be either 0 or -1.  If
                 `level==0', as a side-effect creates a glob with the
                 given `name' in the given `stash' which in the case
                 of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and
                 sets up caching info for this glob.  Similarly for
                 all the searched stashes.
    
                 This function grants `"SUPER"' token as a postfix of
                 the stash name. The GV returned from `gv_fetchmeth'
                 may be a method cache entry, which is not visible to
                 Perl code.  So when calling `call_sv', you should
                 not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the
                 method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV with
                 the `GvCV' macro.
    
                         GV*     gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
    
    
         gv_fetchmethod
                 See the gv_fetchmethod_autoload manpage.
    
                         GV*     gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
    
    
         gv_fetchmethod_autoload
                 Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to
                 call to invoke the method on the `stash'.  In fact
                 in the presence of autoloading this may be the glob
                 for "AUTOLOAD".  In this case the corresponding
                 variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup.
    
                 The third parameter of `gv_fetchmethod_autoload'
                 determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if
                 the given method is not present: non-zero means yes,
                 look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for
                 AUTOLOAD. Calling `gv_fetchmethod' is equivalent to
                 calling `gv_fetchmethod_autoload' with a non-zero
                 `autoload' parameter.
    
                 These functions grant `"SUPER"' token as a prefix of
                 the method name. Note that if you want to keep the
                 returned glob for a long time, you need to check for
                 it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the
                 call may load a different subroutine due to
                 $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob created
                 via a side effect to do this.
    
                 These functions have the same side-effects and as
                 `gv_fetchmeth' with `level==0'.  `name' should be
                 writable if contains `':'' or `' '''. The warning
                 against passing the GV returned by `gv_fetchmeth' to
                 `call_sv' apply equally to these functions.
    
                         GV*     gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
    
    
         gv_stashpv
                 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified
                 package.  `name' should be a valid UTF-8 string.  If
                 `create' is set then the package will be created if
                 it does not already exist.  If `create' is not set
                 and the package does not exist then NULL is
                 returned.
    
                         HV*     gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
    
    
         gv_stashsv
                 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified
                 package, which must be a valid UTF-8 string.  See
                 `gv_stashpv'.
    
                         HV*     gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
    
    
         G_ARRAY Used to indicate array context.  See `GIMME_V',
                 `GIMME' and the perlcall manpage.
    
         G_DISCARD
                 Indicates that arguments returned from a callback
                 should be discarded.  See the perlcall manpage.
    
         G_EVAL  Used to force a Perl `eval' wrapper around a
                 callback.  See the perlcall manpage.
    
         G_NOARGS
                 Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a
                 callback.  See the perlcall manpage.
    
         G_SCALAR
                 Used to indicate scalar context.  See `GIMME_V',
                 `GIMME', and the perlcall manpage.
    
         G_VOID  Used to indicate void context.  See `GIMME_V' and
                 the perlcall manpage.
    
         HEf_SVKEY
                 This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries
                 and magic structures, specifies the structure
                 contains a `SV*' pointer where a `char*' pointer is
                 to be expected. (For information only--not to be
                 used).
    
         HeHASH  Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
    
                         U32     HeHASH(HE* he)
    
    
         HeKEY   Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of
                 the hash entry. The pointer may be either `char*' or
                 `SV*', depending on the value of `HeKLEN()'.  Can be
                 assigned to.  The `HePV()' or `HeSVKEY()' macros are
                 usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
    
                         void*   HeKEY(HE* he)
    
    
         HeKLEN  If this is negative, and amounts to `HEf_SVKEY', it
                 indicates the entry holds an `SV*' key.  Otherwise,
                 holds the actual length of the key.  Can be assigned
                 to. The `HePV()' macro is usually preferable for
                 finding key lengths.
    
                         STRLEN  HeKLEN(HE* he)
    
    
         HePV    Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a `char*'
                 value, doing any necessary dereferencing of possibly
                 `SV*' keys.  The length of the string is placed in
                 `len' (this is a macro, so do not use `&len').  If
                 you do not care about what the length of the key is,
                 you may use the global variable `PL_na', though this
                 is rather less efficient than using a local
                 variable.  Remember though, that hash keys in perl
                 are free to contain embedded nulls, so using
                 `strlen()' or similar is not a good way to find the
                 length of hash keys. This is very similar to the
                 `SvPV()' macro described elsewhere in this document.
    
                         char*   HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
    
    
         HeSVKEY Returns the key as an `SV*', or `Nullsv' if the hash
                 entry does not contain an `SV*' key.
    
                         SV*     HeSVKEY(HE* he)
    
    
         HeSVKEY_force
                 Returns the key as an `SV*'.  Will create and return
                 a temporary mortal `SV*' if the hash entry contains
                 only a `char*' key.
    
                         SV*     HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
    
    
         HeSVKEY_set
                 Sets the key to a given `SV*', taking care to set
                 the appropriate flags to indicate the presence of an
                 `SV*' key, and returns the same `SV*'.
    
                         SV*     HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
    
    
         HeVAL   Returns the value slot (type `SV*') stored in the
                 hash entry.
    
                         SV*     HeVAL(HE* he)
    
    
         HvNAME  Returns the package name of a stash.  See `SvSTASH',
                 `CvSTASH'.
    
                         char*   HvNAME(HV* stash)
    
    
         hv_clear
                 Clears a hash, making it empty.
    
                         void    hv_clear(HV* tb)
    
    
         hv_delete
                 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash.  The value SV
                 is removed from the hash and returned to the caller.
                 The `klen' is the length of the key. The `flags'
                 value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD
                 then NULL will be returned.
    
                         SV*     hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, U32 klen, I32 flags)
    
    
         hv_delete_ent
                 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash.  The value SV
                 is removed from the hash and returned to the caller.
                 The `flags' value will normally be zero; if set to
                 G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned.  `hash' can be
                 a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it
                 to be computed.
    
                         SV*     hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
    
    
         hv_exists
                 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
                 hash key exists.  The `klen' is the length of the
                 key.
    
                         bool    hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, U32 klen)
    
    
         hv_exists_ent
                 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
                 hash key exists. `hash' can be a valid precomputed
                 hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
    
                         bool    hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
    
    
         hv_fetch
                 Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified
                 key in the hash.  The `klen' is the length of the
                 key.  If `lval' is set then the fetch will be part
                 of a store.  Check that the return value is non-null
                 before dereferencing it to a `SV*'.
    
                 See the Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
                 Arrays entry in the perlguts manpage for more
                 information on how to use this function on tied
                 hashes.
    
                         SV**    hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, U32 klen, I32 lval)
    
    
         hv_fetch_ent
                 Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the
                 specified key in the hash.  `hash' must be a valid
                 precomputed hash number for the given `key', or 0 if
                 you want the function to compute it.  IF `lval' is
                 set then the fetch will be part of a store.  Make
                 sure the return value is non-null before accessing
                 it.  The return value when `tb' is a tied hash is a
                 pointer to a static location, so be sure to make a
                 copy of the structure if you need to store it
                 somewhere.
    
                 See the Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
                 Arrays entry in the perlguts manpage for more
                 information on how to use this function on tied
                 hashes.
    
                         HE*     hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
    
    
         hv_iterinit
                 Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table.
                 Returns the number of keys in the hash (i.e. the
                 same as `HvKEYS(tb)').  The return value is
                 currently only meaningful for hashes without tie
                 magic.
    
                 NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, `hv_iterinit' used to
                 return the number of hash buckets that happen to be
                 in use.  If you still need that esoteric value, you
                 can get it through the macro `HvFILL(tb)'.
    
                         I32     hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
    
    
         hv_iterkey
                 Returns the key from the current position of the
                 hash iterator.  See `hv_iterinit'.
    
                         char*   hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
    
    
         hv_iterkeysv
                 Returns the key as an `SV*' from the current
                 position of the hash iterator.  The return value
                 will always be a mortal copy of the key.  Also see
                 `hv_iterinit'.
    
                         SV*     hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
    
    
    
         hv_iternext
                 Returns entries from a hash iterator.  See
                 `hv_iterinit'.
    
                         HE*     hv_iternext(HV* tb)
    
    
         hv_iternextsv
                 Performs an `hv_iternext', `hv_iterkey', and
                 `hv_iterval' in one operation.
    
                         SV*     hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
    
    
         hv_iterval
                 Returns the value from the current position of the
                 hash iterator.  See `hv_iterkey'.
    
                         SV*     hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
    
    
         hv_magic
                 Adds magic to a hash.  See `sv_magic'.
    
                         void    hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
    
    
         hv_store
                 Stores an SV in a hash.  The hash key is specified
                 as `key' and `klen' is the length of the key.  The
                 `hash' parameter is the precomputed hash value; if
                 it is zero then Perl will compute it.  The return
                 value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the
                 value did not need to be actually stored within the
                 hash (as in the case of tied hashes).  Otherwise it
                 can be dereferenced to get the original `SV*'.  Note
                 that the caller is responsible for suitably
                 incrementing the reference count of `val' before the
                 call, and decrementing it if the function returned
                 NULL.
    
                 See the Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
                 Arrays entry in the perlguts manpage for more
                 information on how to use this function on tied
                 hashes.
    
                         SV**    hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, U32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
    
    
         hv_store_ent
                 Stores `val' in a hash.  The hash key is specified
                 as `key'.  The `hash' parameter is the precomputed
                 hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it.
                 The return value is the new hash entry so created.
                 It will be NULL if the operation failed or if the
                 value did not need to be actually stored within the
                 hash (as in the case of tied hashes).  Otherwise the
                 contents of the return value can be accessed using
                 the `He???' macros described here.  Note that the
                 caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the
                 reference count of `val' before the call, and
                 decrementing it if the function returned NULL.
    
                 See the Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
                 Arrays entry in the perlguts manpage for more
                 information on how to use this function on tied
                 hashes.
    
                         HE*     hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
    
    
         hv_undef
                 Undefines the hash.
    
                         void    hv_undef(HV* tb)
    
    
         isALNUM Returns a boolean indicating whether the C `char' is
                 an ascii alphanumeric character or digit.
    
                         bool    isALNUM(char ch)
    
    
         isALPHA Returns a boolean indicating whether the C `char' is
                 an ascii alphabetic character.
    
                         bool    isALPHA(char ch)
    
    
         isDIGIT Returns a boolean indicating whether the C `char' is
                 an ascii digit.
    
                         bool    isDIGIT(char ch)
    
    
         isLOWER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C `char' is
                 a lowercase character.
    
                         bool    isLOWER(char ch)
    
    
         isSPACE Returns a boolean indicating whether the C `char' is
                 whitespace.
    
                         bool    isSPACE(char ch)
    
    
         isUPPER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C `char' is
                 an uppercase character.
    
                         bool    isUPPER(char ch)
    
    
         items   Variable which is setup by `xsubpp' to indicate the
                 number of items on the stack.  See the Variable-
                 length Parameter Lists entry in the perlxs manpage.
    
                         I32     items
    
    
         ix      Variable which is setup by `xsubpp' to indicate
                 which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it.
                 See the The ALIAS: Keyword entry in the perlxs
                 manpage.
    
                         I32     ix
    
    
         LEAVE   Closing bracket on a callback.  See `ENTER' and the
                 perlcall manpage.
    
                                 LEAVE;
    
    
         looks_like_number
                 Test if an the content of an SV looks like a number
                 (or is a number).
    
                         I32     looks_like_number(SV* sv)
    
    
         MARK    Stack marker variable for the XSUB.  See `dMARK'.
    
         mg_clear
                 Clear something magical that the SV represents.  See
                 `sv_magic'.
    
                         int     mg_clear(SV* sv)
    
    
         mg_copy Copies the magic from one SV to another.  See
                 `sv_magic'.
    
                         int     mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
    
    
         mg_find Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV.
                 See `sv_magic'.
    
                         MAGIC*  mg_find(SV* sv, int type)
    
    
         mg_free Free any magic storage used by the SV.  See
                 `sv_magic'.
    
                         int     mg_free(SV* sv)
    
    
         mg_get  Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV.
                 See `sv_magic'.
    
                         int     mg_get(SV* sv)
    
    
         mg_length
                 Report on the SV's length.  See `sv_magic'.
    
                         U32     mg_length(SV* sv)
    
    
         mg_magical
                 Turns on the magical status of an SV.  See
                 `sv_magic'.
    
                         void    mg_magical(SV* sv)
    
    
         mg_set  Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV.  See
                 `sv_magic'.
    
                         int     mg_set(SV* sv)
    
    
         Move    The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `memmove'
                 function.  The `src' is the source, `dest' is the
                 destination, `nitems' is the number of items, and
                 `type' is the type.  Can do overlapping moves.  See
                 also `Copy'.
    
                         void    Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
    
    
         New     The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `malloc'
                 function.
    
                         void    New(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)
    
    
         newAV   Creates a new AV.  The reference count is set to 1.
    
                         AV*     newAV()
    
    
         Newc    The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `malloc'
                 function, with cast.
    
                         void    Newc(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
    
    
         newCONSTSUB
                 Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl `sub FOO
                 () { 123 }' which is eligible for inlining at
                 compile-time.
    
                         void    newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv)
    
    
         newHV   Creates a new HV.  The reference count is set to 1.
    
                         HV*     newHV()
    
    
         newRV_inc
                 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV.  The reference
                 count for the original SV is incremented.
    
                         SV*     newRV_inc(SV* sv)
    
    
         newRV_noinc
                 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV.  The reference
                 count for the original SV is not incremented.
    
                         SV*     newRV_noinc(SV *sv)
    
    
         NEWSV   Creates a new SV.  A non-zero `len' parameter
                 indicates the number of bytes of preallocated string
                 space the SV should have.  An extra byte for a
                 tailing NUL is also reserved.  (SvPOK is not set for
                 the SV even if string space is allocated.)  The
                 reference count for the new SV is set to 1. `id' is
                 an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify
                 leaks).
    
                         SV*     NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)
    
    
         newSViv Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it.  The
                 reference count for the SV is set to 1.
                         SV*     newSViv(IV i)
    
    
         newSVnv Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value
                 into it.  The reference count for the SV is set to
                 1.
    
                         SV*     newSVnv(NV n)
    
    
         newSVpv Creates a new SV and copies a string into it.  The
                 reference count for the SV is set to 1.  If `len' is
                 zero, Perl will compute the length using strlen().
                 For efficiency, consider using `newSVpvn' instead.
    
                         SV*     newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
    
    
         newSVpvf
                 Creates a new SV an initialize it with the string
                 formatted like `sprintf'.
    
                         SV*     newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         newSVpvn
                 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it.  The
                 reference count for the SV is set to 1.  Note that
                 if `len' is zero, Perl will create a zero length
                 string.  You are responsible for ensuring that the
                 source string is at least `len' bytes long.
    
                         SV*     newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
    
    
         newSVrv Creates a new SV for the RV, `rv', to point to.  If
                 `rv' is not an RV then it will be upgraded to one.
                 If `classname' is non-null then the new SV will be
                 blessed in the specified package.  The new SV is
                 returned and its reference count is 1.
    
                         SV*     newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
    
    
         newSVsv Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the
                 original SV.
    
                         SV*     newSVsv(SV* old)
    
    
         newSVuv Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into
                 it.  The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
                         SV*     newSVuv(UV u)
    
    
         newXS   Used by `xsubpp' to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
    
         newXSproto
                 Used by `xsubpp' to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
                 Adds Perl prototypes to the subs.
    
         Newz    The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `malloc'
                 function.  The allocated memory is zeroed with
                 `memzero'.
    
                         void    Newz(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)
    
    
         Nullav  Null AV pointer.
    
         Nullch  Null character pointer.
    
         Nullcv  Null CV pointer.
    
         Nullhv  Null HV pointer.
    
         Nullsv  Null SV pointer.
    
         ORIGMARK
                 The original stack mark for the XSUB.  See
                 `dORIGMARK'.
    
         perl_alloc
                 Allocates a new Perl interpreter.  See the perlembed
                 manpage.
    
                         PerlInterpreter*        perl_alloc()
    
    
         perl_construct
                 Initializes a new Perl interpreter.  See the
                 perlembed manpage.
    
                         void    perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
    
    
         perl_destruct
                 Shuts down a Perl interpreter.  See the perlembed
                 manpage.
    
                         void    perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
    
    
    
         perl_free
                 Releases a Perl interpreter.  See the perlembed
                 manpage.
    
                         void    perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
    
    
         perl_parse
                 Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script.
                 See the perlembed manpage.
    
                         int     perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
    
    
         perl_run
                 Tells a Perl interpreter to run.  See the perlembed
                 manpage.
    
                         int     perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
    
    
         PL_DBsingle
                 When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the -d
                 switch, this SV is a boolean which indicates whether
                 subs are being single-stepped. Single-stepping is
                 automatically turned on after every step.  This is
                 the C variable which corresponds to Perl's
                 $DB::single variable.  See `PL_DBsub'.
    
                         SV *    PL_DBsingle
    
    
         PL_DBsub
                 When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the -d
                 switch, this GV contains the SV which holds the name
                 of the sub being debugged.  This is the C variable
                 which corresponds to Perl's $DB::sub variable.  See
                 `PL_DBsingle'.
    
                         GV *    PL_DBsub
    
    
         PL_DBtrace
                 Trace variable used when Perl is run in debugging
                 mode, with the -d switch.  This is the C variable
                 which corresponds to Perl's $DB::trace variable.
                 See `PL_DBsingle'.
    
                         SV *    PL_DBtrace
    
    
    
         PL_dowarn
                 The C variable which corresponds to Perl's $^W
                 warning variable.
    
                         bool    PL_dowarn
    
    
         PL_modglobal
                 `PL_modglobal' is a general purpose, interpreter
                 global HV for use by extensions that need to keep
                 information on a per-interpreter basis.  In a pinch,
                 it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions
                 to share data among each other.  It is a good idea
                 to use keys prefixed by the package name of the
                 extension that owns the data.
    
                         HV*     PL_modglobal
    
    
         PL_na   A convenience variable which is typically used with
                 `SvPV' when one doesn't care about the length of the
                 string.  It is usually more efficient to either
                 declare a local variable and use that instead or to
                 use the `SvPV_nolen' macro.
    
                         STRLEN  PL_na
    
    
         PL_sv_no
                 This is the `false' SV.  See `PL_sv_yes'.  Always
                 refer to this as `&PL_sv_no'.
    
                         SV      PL_sv_no
    
    
         PL_sv_undef
                 This is the `undef' SV.  Always refer to this as
                 `&PL_sv_undef'.
    
                         SV      PL_sv_undef
    
    
         PL_sv_yes
                 This is the `true' SV.  See `PL_sv_no'.  Always
                 refer to this as `&PL_sv_yes'.
    
                         SV      PL_sv_yes
    
    
         POPi    Pops an integer off the stack.
    
                         IV      POPi
    
         POPl    Pops a long off the stack.
    
                         long    POPl
    
    
         POPn    Pops a double off the stack.
    
                         NV      POPn
    
    
         POPp    Pops a string off the stack.
    
                         char*   POPp
    
    
         POPs    Pops an SV off the stack.
    
                         SV*     POPs
    
    
         PUSHi   Push an integer onto the stack.  The stack must have
                 room for this element.  Handles 'set' magic.  See
                 `XPUSHi'.
    
                         void    PUSHi(IV iv)
    
    
         PUSHMARK
                 Opening bracket for arguments on a callback.  See
                 `PUTBACK' and the perlcall manpage.
    
                                 PUSHMARK;
    
    
         PUSHn   Push a double onto the stack.  The stack must have
                 room for this element.  Handles 'set' magic.  See
                 `XPUSHn'.
    
                         void    PUSHn(NV nv)
    
    
         PUSHp   Push a string onto the stack.  The stack must have
                 room for this element.  The `len' indicates the
                 length of the string.  Handles 'set' magic.  See
                 `XPUSHp'.
    
                         void    PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
    
    
         PUSHs   Push an SV onto the stack.  The stack must have room
                 for this element. Does not handle 'set' magic.  See
                 `XPUSHs'.
                         void    PUSHs(SV* sv)
    
    
         PUSHu   Push an unsigned integer onto the stack.  The stack
                 must have room for this element.  See `XPUSHu'.
    
                         void    PUSHu(UV uv)
    
    
         PUTBACK Closing bracket for XSUB arguments.  This is usually
                 handled by `xsubpp'.  See `PUSHMARK' and the
                 perlcall manpage for other uses.
    
                                 PUTBACK;
    
    
         Renew   The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `realloc'
                 function.
    
                         void    Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
    
    
         Renewc  The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `realloc'
                 function, with cast.
    
                         void    Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
    
    
         require_pv
                 Tells Perl to `require' a module.
    
                 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
    
                         void    require_pv(const char* pv)
    
    
         RETVAL  Variable which is setup by `xsubpp' to hold the
                 return value for an XSUB. This is always the proper
                 type for the XSUB. See the The RETVAL Variable entry
                 in the perlxs manpage.
    
                         (whatever)      RETVAL
    
    
         Safefree
                 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `free'
                 function.
    
                         void    Safefree(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
    
    
    
         savepv  Copy a string to a safe spot.  This does not use an
                 SV.
    
                         char*   savepv(const char* sv)
    
    
         savepvn Copy a string to a safe spot.  The `len' indicates
                 number of bytes to copy.  This does not use an SV.
    
                         char*   savepvn(const char* sv, I32 len)
    
    
         SAVETMPS
                 Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback.  See
                 `FREETMPS' and the perlcall manpage.
    
                                 SAVETMPS;
    
    
         SP      Stack pointer.  This is usually handled by `xsubpp'.
                 See `dSP' and `SPAGAIN'.
    
         SPAGAIN Refetch the stack pointer.  Used after a callback.
                 See the perlcall manpage.
    
                                 SPAGAIN;
    
    
         ST      Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
    
                         SV*     ST(int ix)
    
    
         strEQ   Test two strings to see if they are equal.  Returns
                 true or false.
    
                         bool    strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
    
    
         strGE   Test two strings to see if the first, `s1', is
                 greater than or equal to the second, `s2'.  Returns
                 true or false.
    
                         bool    strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
    
    
         strGT   Test two strings to see if the first, `s1', is
                 greater than the second, `s2'.  Returns true or
                 false.
    
                         bool    strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
    
         strLE   Test two strings to see if the first, `s1', is less
                 than or equal to the second, `s2'.  Returns true or
                 false.
    
                         bool    strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
    
    
         strLT   Test two strings to see if the first, `s1', is less
                 than the second, `s2'.  Returns true or false.
    
                         bool    strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
    
    
         strNE   Test two strings to see if they are different.
                 Returns true or false.
    
                         bool    strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
    
    
         strnEQ  Test two strings to see if they are equal.  The
                 `len' parameter indicates the number of bytes to
                 compare.  Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
                 `strncmp').
    
                         bool    strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
    
    
         strnNE  Test two strings to see if they are different.  The
                 `len' parameter indicates the number of bytes to
                 compare.  Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
                 `strncmp').
    
                         bool    strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
    
    
         StructCopy
                 This is an architecture-independant macro to copy
                 one structure to another.
    
                         void    StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
    
    
         SvCUR   Returns the length of the string which is in the SV.
                 See `SvLEN'.
    
                         STRLEN  SvCUR(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvCUR_set
                 Set the length of the string which is in the SV.
                 See `SvCUR'.
    
                         void    SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
    
    
         SvEND   Returns a pointer to the last character in the
                 string which is in the SV.  See `SvCUR'.  Access the
                 character as *(SvEND(sv)).
    
                         char*   SvEND(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvGETMAGIC
                 Invokes `mg_get' on an SV if it has 'get' magic.
                 This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
    
                         void    SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvGROW  Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it
                 has room for the indicated number of bytes (remember
                 to reserve space for an extra trailing NUL
                 character).  Calls `sv_grow' to perform the
                 expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the
                 character buffer.
    
                         void    SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
    
    
         SvIOK   Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 an integer.
    
                         bool    SvIOK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvIOKp  Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 an integer.  Checks the private setting.  Use
                 `SvIOK'.
    
                         bool    SvIOKp(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvIOK_off
                 Unsets the IV status of an SV.
    
                         void    SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvIOK_on
                 Tells an SV that it is an integer.
    
                         void    SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvIOK_only
                 Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all
                 other OK bits.
    
                         void    SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvIV    Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it.
    
                         IV      SvIV(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvIVX   Returns the integer which is stored in the SV,
                 assuming SvIOK is true.
    
                         IV      SvIVX(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvLEN   Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV.
                 See `SvCUR'.
    
                         STRLEN  SvLEN(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNIOK  Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 a number, integer or double.
    
                         bool    SvNIOK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 a number, integer or double.  Checks the private
                 setting.  Use `SvNIOK'.
    
                         bool    SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNIOK_off
                 Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
    
                         void    SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNOK   Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 a double.
    
                         bool    SvNOK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNOKp  Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 a double.  Checks the private setting.  Use `SvNOK'.
    
                         bool    SvNOKp(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNOK_off
                 Unsets the NV status of an SV.
    
                         void    SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNOK_on
                 Tells an SV that it is a double.
    
                         void    SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNOK_only
                 Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all
                 other OK bits.
    
                         void    SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNV    Coerce the given SV to a double and return it.
    
                         NV      SvNV(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvNVX   Returns the double which is stored in the SV,
                 assuming SvNOK is true.
    
                         NV      SvNVX(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvOK    Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an
                 SV.
    
                         bool    SvOK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvOOK   Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a
                 valid offset value for the SvPVX.  This hack is used
                 internally to speed up removal of characters from
                 the beginning of a SvPV.  When SvOOK is true, then
                 the start of the allocated string buffer is really
                 (SvPVX - SvIVX).
    
                         bool    SvOOK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPOK   Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 a character string.
    
                         bool    SvPOK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPOKp  Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains
                 a character string.  Checks the private setting.
                 Use `SvPOK'.
    
                         bool    SvPOKp(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPOK_off
                 Unsets the PV status of an SV.
    
                         void    SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPOK_on
                 Tells an SV that it is a string.
    
                         void    SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPOK_only
                 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all
                 other OK bits.
    
                         void    SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPV    Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a
                 stringified form of the SV if the SV does not
                 contain a string.  Handles 'get' magic.
    
                         char*   SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
    
    
         SvPVX   Returns a pointer to the string in the SV.  The SV
                 must contain a string.
    
                         char*   SvPVX(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvPV_force
                 Like <SvPV> but will force the SV into becoming a
                 string (SvPOK).  You want force if you are going to
                 update the SvPVX directly.
    
                         char*   SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
    
    
         SvPV_nolen
                 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a
                 stringified form of the SV if the SV does not
                 contain a string.  Handles 'get' magic.
    
                         char*   SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvREFCNT
                 Returns the value of the object's reference count.
    
                         U32     SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvREFCNT_dec
                 Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
    
                         void    SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvREFCNT_inc
                 Increments the reference count of the given SV.
    
                         SV*     SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvROK   Tests if the SV is an RV.
    
                         bool    SvROK(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvROK_off
                 Unsets the RV status of an SV.
    
                         void    SvROK_off(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvROK_on
                 Tells an SV that it is an RV.
    
                         void    SvROK_on(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvRV    Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
    
                         SV*     SvRV(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvSETMAGIC
                 Invokes `mg_set' on an SV if it has 'set' magic.
                 This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
    
                         void    SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
    
         SvSetSV Calls `sv_setsv' if dsv is not the same as ssv.  May
                 evaluate arguments more than once.
    
                         void    SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
    
    
         SvSetSV_nosteal
                 Calls a non-destructive version of `sv_setsv' if dsv
                 is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more
                 than once.
    
                         void    SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
    
    
         SvSTASH Returns the stash of the SV.
    
                         HV*     SvSTASH(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvTAINT Taints an SV if tainting is enabled
    
                         void    SvTAINT(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvTAINTED
                 Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if
                 it is, FALSE if not.
    
                         bool    SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvTAINTED_off
                 Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine,
                 as it short-circuits some of Perl's fundamental
                 security features. XS module authors should not use
                 this function unless they fully understand all the
                 implications of unconditionally untainting the
                 value. Untainting should be done in the standard
                 perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather
                 than directly untainting variables.
    
                         void    SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvTAINTED_on
                 Marks an SV as tainted.
    
                         void    SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvTRUE  Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would
                 evaluate the SV as true or false, defined or
                 undefined.  Does not handle 'get' magic.
    
                         bool    SvTRUE(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvTYPE  Returns the type of the SV.  See `svtype'.
    
                         svtype  SvTYPE(SV* sv)
    
    
         svtype  An enum of flags for Perl types.  These are found in
                 the file sv.h in the `svtype' enum.  Test these
                 flags with the `SvTYPE' macro.
    
         SVt_IV  Integer type flag for scalars.  See `svtype'.
    
         SVt_NV  Double type flag for scalars.  See `svtype'.
    
         SVt_PV  Pointer type flag for scalars.  See `svtype'.
    
         SVt_PVAV
                 Type flag for arrays.  See `svtype'.
    
         SVt_PVCV
                 Type flag for code refs.  See `svtype'.
    
         SVt_PVHV
                 Type flag for hashes.  See `svtype'.
    
         SVt_PVMG
                 Type flag for blessed scalars.  See `svtype'.
    
         SvUPGRADE
                 Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form.  Uses
                 `sv_upgrade' to perform the upgrade if necessary.
                 See `svtype'.
    
                         void    SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
    
    
         SvUV    Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and
                 returns it.
    
                         UV      SvUV(SV* sv)
    
    
         SvUVX   Returns the unsigned integer which is stored in the
                 SV, assuming SvIOK is true.
    
                         UV      SvUVX(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_2mortal
                 Marks an SV as mortal.  The SV will be destroyed
                 when the current context ends.
    
                         SV*     sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_bless
                 Blesses an SV into a specified package.  The SV must
                 be an RV.  The package must be designated by its
                 stash (see `gv_stashpv()').  The reference count of
                 the SV is unaffected.
    
                         SV*     sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
    
    
         sv_catpv
                 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
                 which is in the SV.  Handles 'get' magic, but not
                 'set' magic.  See `sv_catpv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
    
    
         sv_catpvf
                 Processes its arguments like `sprintf' and appends
                 the formatted output to an SV.  Handles 'get' magic,
                 but not 'set' magic.  `SvSETMAGIC()' must typically
                 be called after calling this function to handle
                 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         sv_catpvf_mg
                 Like `sv_catpvf', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         sv_catpvn
                 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
                 which is in the SV.  The `len' indicates number of
                 bytes to copy.  Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set'
                 magic.  See `sv_catpvn_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
    
    
         sv_catpvn_mg
                 Like `sv_catpvn', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
    
    
         sv_catpv_mg
                 Like `sv_catpv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
    
    
         sv_catsv
                 Concatenates the string from SV `ssv' onto the end
                 of the string in SV `dsv'.  Handles 'get' magic, but
                 not 'set' magic.  See `sv_catsv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
    
    
         sv_catsv_mg
                 Like `sv_catsv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
    
    
         sv_chop Efficient removal of characters from the beginning
                 of the string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and the
                 `ptr' must be a pointer to somewhere inside the
                 string buffer.  The `ptr' becomes the first
                 character of the adjusted string.
    
                         void    sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr)
    
    
         sv_cmp  Compares the strings in two SVs.  Returns -1, 0, or
                 1 indicating whether the string in `sv1' is less
                 than, equal to, or greater than the string in `sv2'.
    
                         I32     sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
    
    
         sv_dec  Auto-decrement of the value in the SV.
    
                         void    sv_dec(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_derived_from
                 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
                 derived from the specified class.  This is the
                 function that implements `UNIVERSAL::isa'.  It works
                 for class names as well as for objects.
    
                         bool    sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
    
         sv_eq   Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in
                 the two SVs are identical.
    
                         I32     sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
    
    
         sv_grow Expands the character buffer in the SV.  This will
                 use `sv_unref' and will upgrade the SV to `SVt_PV'.
                 Returns a pointer to the character buffer.  Use
                 `SvGROW'.
    
                         char*   sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
    
    
         sv_inc  Auto-increment of the value in the SV.
    
                         void    sv_inc(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_insert
                 Inserts a string at the specified offset/length
                 within the SV. Similar to the Perl substr()
                 function.
    
                         void    sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
    
    
         sv_isa  Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
                 blessed into the specified class.  This does not
                 check for subtypes; use `sv_derived_from' to verify
                 an inheritance relationship.
    
                         int     sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
    
    
         sv_isobject
                 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV
                 pointing to a blessed object.  If the SV is not an
                 RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this will
                 return false.
    
                         int     sv_isobject(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_len  Returns the length of the string in the SV.  See
                 also `SvCUR'.
    
                         STRLEN  sv_len(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_magic
                 Adds magic to an SV.
                         void    sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
    
    
         sv_mortalcopy
                 Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV.
                 The new SV is marked as mortal.
    
                         SV*     sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
    
    
         sv_newmortal
                 Creates a new SV which is mortal.  The reference
                 count of the SV is set to 1.
    
                         SV*     sv_newmortal()
    
    
         sv_setiv
                 Copies an integer into the given SV.  Does not
                 handle 'set' magic.  See `sv_setiv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
    
    
         sv_setiv_mg
                 Like `sv_setiv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
    
    
         sv_setnv
                 Copies a double into the given SV.  Does not handle
                 'set' magic.  See `sv_setnv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
    
    
         sv_setnv_mg
                 Like `sv_setnv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
    
    
         sv_setpv
                 Copies a string into an SV.  The string must be
                 null-terminated.  Does not handle 'set' magic.  See
                 `sv_setpv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
    
    
    
         sv_setpvf
                 Processes its arguments like `sprintf' and sets an
                 SV to the formatted output.  Does not handle 'set'
                 magic.  See `sv_setpvf_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         sv_setpvf_mg
                 Like `sv_setpvf', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         sv_setpviv
                 Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating
                 its string value.  Does not handle 'set' magic.  See
                 `sv_setpviv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
    
    
         sv_setpviv_mg
                 Like `sv_setpviv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
    
    
         sv_setpvn
                 Copies a string into an SV.  The `len' parameter
                 indicates the number of bytes to be copied.  Does
                 not handle 'set' magic.  See `sv_setpvn_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
    
    
         sv_setpvn_mg
                 Like `sv_setpvn', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
    
    
         sv_setpv_mg
                 Like `sv_setpv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
    
    
         sv_setref_iv
                 Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing
                 the SV.  The `rv' argument will be upgraded to an
                 RV.  That RV will be modified to point to the new
                 SV.  The `classname' argument indicates the package
                 for the blessing.  Set `classname' to `Nullch' to
                 avoid the blessing.  The new SV will be returned and
                 will have a reference count of 1.
    
                         SV*     sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
    
    
         sv_setref_nv
                 Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing
                 the SV.  The `rv' argument will be upgraded to an
                 RV.  That RV will be modified to point to the new
                 SV.  The `classname' argument indicates the package
                 for the blessing.  Set `classname' to `Nullch' to
                 avoid the blessing.  The new SV will be returned and
                 will have a reference count of 1.
    
                         SV*     sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
    
    
         sv_setref_pv
                 Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing
                 the SV.  The `rv' argument will be upgraded to an
                 RV.  That RV will be modified to point to the new
                 SV.  If the `pv' argument is NULL then `PL_sv_undef'
                 will be placed into the SV.  The `classname'
                 argument indicates the package for the blessing.
                 Set `classname' to `Nullch' to avoid the blessing.
                 The new SV will be returned and will have a
                 reference count of 1.
    
                 Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV,
                 CV, because those objects will become corrupted by
                 the pointer copy process.
    
                 Note that `sv_setref_pvn' copies the string while
                 this copies the pointer.
    
                         SV*     sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
    
    
         sv_setref_pvn
                 Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing
                 the SV.  The length of the string must be specified
                 with `n'.  The `rv' argument will be upgraded to an
                 RV.  That RV will be modified to point to the new
                 SV.  The `classname' argument indicates the package
                 for the blessing.  Set `classname' to `Nullch' to
                 avoid the blessing.  The new SV will be returned and
                 will have a reference count of 1.
    
                 Note that `sv_setref_pv' copies the pointer while
                 this copies the string.
    
                         SV*     sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)
    
    
         sv_setsv
                 Copies the contents of the source SV `ssv' into the
                 destination SV `dsv'.  The source SV may be
                 destroyed if it is mortal.  Does not handle 'set'
                 magic.  See the macro forms `SvSetSV',
                 `SvSetSV_nosteal' and `sv_setsv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
    
    
         sv_setsv_mg
                 Like `sv_setsv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
    
    
         sv_setuv
                 Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV.  Does
                 not handle 'set' magic.  See `sv_setuv_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
    
    
         sv_setuv_mg
                 Like `sv_setuv', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
    
    
         sv_unref
                 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
                 reference count of whatever was being referenced by
                 the RV.  This can almost be thought of as a reversal
                 of `newSVrv'.  See `SvROK_off'.
    
                         void    sv_unref(SV* sv)
    
    
         sv_upgrade
                 Upgrade an SV to a more complex form.  Use
                 `SvUPGRADE'.  See `svtype'.
    
                         bool    sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)
    
    
         sv_usepvn
                 Tells an SV to use `ptr' to find its string value.
                 Normally the string is stored inside the SV but
                 sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string.
                 The `ptr' should point to memory that was allocated
                 by `malloc'.  The string length, `len', must be
                 supplied.  This function will realloc the memory
                 pointed to by `ptr', so that pointer should not be
                 freed or used by the programmer after giving it to
                 sv_usepvn.  Does not handle 'set' magic.  See
                 `sv_usepvn_mg'.
    
                         void    sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
    
    
         sv_usepvn_mg
                 Like `sv_usepvn', but also handles 'set' magic.
    
                         void    sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
    
    
         sv_vcatpvfn
                 Processes its arguments like `vsprintf' and appends
                 the formatted output to an SV.  Uses an array of SVs
                 if the C style variable argument list is missing
                 (NULL).  When running with taint checks enabled,
                 indicates via `maybe_tainted' if results are
                 untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales).
    
                         void    sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
    
    
         sv_vsetpvfn
                 Works like `vcatpvfn' but copies the text into the
                 SV instead of appending it.
    
                         void    sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
    
    
         THIS    Variable which is setup by `xsubpp' to designate the
                 object in a C++ XSUB.  This is always the proper
                 type for the C++ object.  See `CLASS' and the Using
                 XS With C++ entry in the perlxs manpage.
    
                         (whatever)      THIS
    
    
         toLOWER Converts the specified character to lowercase.
    
                         char    toLOWER(char ch)
    
    
         toUPPER Converts the specified character to uppercase.
    
                         char    toUPPER(char ch)
    
    
         warn    This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's `warn'
                 function.  Use this function the same way you use
                 the C `printf' function.  See `croak'.
    
                         void    warn(const char* pat, ...)
    
    
         XPUSHi  Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack
                 if necessary.  Handles 'set' magic. See `PUSHi'.
    
                         void    XPUSHi(IV iv)
    
    
         XPUSHn  Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if
                 necessary.  Handles 'set' magic.  See `PUSHn'.
    
                         void    XPUSHn(NV nv)
    
    
         XPUSHp  Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if
                 necessary.  The `len' indicates the length of the
                 string.  Handles 'set' magic.  See `PUSHp'.
    
                         void    XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
    
    
         XPUSHs  Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if
                 necessary.  Does not handle 'set' magic.  See
                 `PUSHs'.
    
                         void    XPUSHs(SV* sv)
    
    
         XPUSHu  Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending
                 the stack if necessary. See `PUSHu'.
    
                         void    XPUSHu(UV uv)
    
    
         XS      Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list.
                 This is handled by `xsubpp'.
    
         XSRETURN
                 Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the
                 stack.  This is usually handled by `xsubpp'.
    
                         void    XSRETURN(int nitems)
    
    
         XSRETURN_EMPTY
                 Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
    
                                 XSRETURN_EMPTY;
    
    
         XSRETURN_IV
                 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately.  Uses
                 `XST_mIV'.
    
                         void    XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
    
    
         XSRETURN_NO
                 Return `&PL_sv_no' from an XSUB immediately.  Uses
                 `XST_mNO'.
    
                                 XSRETURN_NO;
    
    
         XSRETURN_NV
                 Return an double from an XSUB immediately.  Uses
                 `XST_mNV'.
    
                         void    XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
    
    
         XSRETURN_PV
                 Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately.
                 Uses `XST_mPV'.
    
                         void    XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
    
    
         XSRETURN_UNDEF
                 Return `&PL_sv_undef' from an XSUB immediately.
                 Uses `XST_mUNDEF'.
    
                                 XSRETURN_UNDEF;
    
    
         XSRETURN_YES
                 Return `&PL_sv_yes' from an XSUB immediately.  Uses
                 `XST_mYES'.
    
                                 XSRETURN_YES;
    
    
         XST_mIV Place an integer into the specified position `pos'
                 on the stack.  The value is stored in a new mortal
                 SV.
    
                         void    XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
    
    
         XST_mNO Place `&PL_sv_no' into the specified position `pos'
                 on the stack.
    
                         void    XST_mNO(int pos)
    
    
         XST_mNV Place a double into the specified position `pos' on
                 the stack.  The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
    
                         void    XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
    
    
         XST_mPV Place a copy of a string into the specified position
                 `pos' on the stack. The value is stored in a new
                 mortal SV.
    
                         void    XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
    
    
         XST_mUNDEF
                 Place `&PL_sv_undef' into the specified position
                 `pos' on the stack.
    
                         void    XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
    
    
         XST_mYES
                 Place `&PL_sv_yes' into the specified position `pos'
                 on the stack.
    
                         void    XST_mYES(int pos)
    
    
         XS_VERSION
                 The version identifier for an XS module.  This is
                 usually handled automatically by
                 `ExtUtils::MakeMaker'.  See `XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK'.
    
         XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
                 Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable
                 matches the XS module's `XS_VERSION' variable.  This
                 is usually handled automatically by `xsubpp'.  See
                 the The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword entry in the perlxs
                 manpage.
    
                                 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
    
    
    
         Zero    The XSUB-writer's interface to the C `memzero'
                 function.  The `dest' is the destination, `nitems'
                 is the number of items, and `type' is the type.
    
                         void    Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
    
    
    
    

    AUTHORS

         Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
         <okamoto@corp.hp.com>.  It is now maintained as part of Perl
         itself.
    
         With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich,
         Malcolm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya
         Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim
         Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant,
         and Gurusamy Sarathy.
    
         API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
    
         Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by
         Benjamin Stuhl.
    
    
    

    SEE ALSO

         perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
    
    
    
    


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